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wholesale suply for diy jewelry Quantum computing is a calculation form based on quantum physics. Classic computers rely on positions (zero or one) to calculate, while quantum computers use quantum positions (quantum positions) in the form of "superimposed" in quantum mechanics: zero -harmonious combination, each with a certain probability. For example, a quantum position may have a 80% chance of zero, and the chance of 20% is zero. Or 60% of the opportunity is zero, and 40% of the opportunity becomes 1. and many more.
1980, physicist Paul Benioff proposed the concept of quantum computing for the first time. Soon after, theoretical physicist Richard Ferman and mathematician Yuri Manning took the lead in proposing that quantum computers could solve the problem that classic computers could not solve. In fact, in the 1990s, mathematician Peter SHOR developed an algorithm that can use it to crack the public key cryptography: "SHOR algorithm" -the quantum computer becomes strong enough.
In October 2019, after decades of research, Google officially announced that it has reached the "quantum hegemony". This essentially means that quantum computers solve the problem that classic computers cannot solve. Or, more specifically, it solves a problem within 200 seconds, and it takes 10,000 years to solve even the most powerful classic super computer.
Although this is a major breakthrough, the quantum computer seems to have a long way to run from the algorithm running SHOR. On the one hand, the current quantum computer is not strong enough, and it is unclear to expand the degree of difficulty in this technology. In addition, to truly play a role, quantum computers depend on a technical solution called "error correction", which is still a challenge.
The future development of this technology is difficult, but quantum computers that can run SHOR algorithm may take years or even decades -maybe they cannot achieve it at all.
If the quantum computer can run the SHOR algorithm and crack the public key cryptography, then the bitcoin may be attacked. Specifically, some coins may be stolen.
However, some people think that theft will be limited to a certain degree. Although all coins are protected by public key encryption (currently the ECDSA algorithm), most coins are also protected by SHA256 laidial algorithms. Only when these two algorithms are cracked can all the coins be thoroughly stolen, but it seems that SHA256 (or any other hash algorithm) does not seem to be cracked by quantum computers.
, that is, a large number of coins can only be protected by public key cryptography. The current estimate shows that if the public key password system is cracked, about 5 million Bitcoin will be stolen. The following is some situations that Bitcoin may face risks:
In fact, even if Bitcoin is protected by public keys and hash at the same time, it may be It is a challenge. When users try to spend their Bitcoin and transmit transactions through Bitcoin networks, the attacker will have the opportunity to try to steal funds. At this time, the attacker can try to crack the key to encryption before the transaction is confirmed, and then send Bitcoin to one of his own addresses.
I just want to say that if the quantum computer suddenly becomes stronger than anyone expects, Bitcoin will have problems.
It attention should be noted that if the quantum computer that can run the Shar's algorithm suddenly appears, Bitcoin is unlikely to become the first or main goal. Public key encryption can protect almost all other digital information in the world, including military intelligence, bank data, and other existing financial infrastructure, communication networks, etc.
Yes, the Bitcoin protocol can be upgraded to anti -quantum.
In short, the signature algorithm of Bitcoin will have to be replaced by the quantum resistance signature algorithm. Due to the activation of isolation witnesses, the signature algorithm of Bitcoin can be relatively easy to be replaced by the backward -compatible soft fork upgrade. (The current ECDSA signature algorithm may be replaced by the Schnorr signature algorithm by the Schnorr signature algorithm in the near future.)
After upgrading, the user should migrate their Bitcoin to the new address in order to be resistant to resistance Protection of quantum signature algorithm. Before quantum computers can run the SHOR algorithm, users who do not migrate in time will face the risk of Bitcoin being stolen in some way.
If Bitcoin is not transferred to the security address in time, the Bitcoin agreement may also be upgraded to prevent Bitcoin from being consumed. This measure means that the original owner will lose Bitcoin -but, of course, in any case, they are likely to lose Bitcoin to the attacker. (Some people suggest that these bitcoin may be unlocked by the legal owner through zero -knowledge -but this is still very speculative.)
In view of the current development of quantum computing, it is expected to be bitter. The currency will have enough early warnings, indicating that it needs to be upgraded. Experts believe that we are not close to that point.
The quantum computers may be able to excavate Bitcoin faster than traditional computers. However, because Bitcoin excavation is based on dissipation (rather than public key cryptography), it may not be destroyed to any meaningful level.
In contrast, the emergence of quantum computing may lead to a new arms competition to establish the fastest mining hardware until you find a new balance point. When the GPU replaces the CPU and ASIC replacement of the GPU, similar evolution has occurred.